| | | 1425 | Events occurring at some time during this year Wells Cathedral North-west Tower The North-west tower of Wells Cathedral was constructed during this time. 1See Also | |
| | 1428 | Oct 12 - Siege of Orléans 
The Duke of Bedford led an English army to surround the French town of Orléans and to begin the siege. Orléans was chosen because it was the most important city still under the control of Charles VII. The city was well prepared for the siege and even though the there were a small number of French soldiers in the city the defences held. The Earl of Salisbury was killed when he was hit by debris of an exploding cannonball. The siege continued into the harsh winter.2
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| | 1429 | Events occurring at some time during this year Marriage of Owen Tudor and Catherine of France It is believed that Owen Tudor and Catherine were secretly married in this year or just before. See Also
To supply the English who were besieging Orléans the Duke of Bedford arranged for a convoy of food be sent. The convoy was attacked by the French but the English managed to fight them off. After the battle the battlefield was covered with the food which was mostly salted fish.2
See AlsoFeb 23 - Joan begins her mission
Joan left Vaucouleurs dressed as a man and with an escort of attendants. They headed for Chinon where Charles VII was staying. They reached Chinon in early March.
See AlsoMar - Joan visits Charles VII
Joan was granted an audience with the dauphin at Vaucouleurs. At the meeting Charles had disguised himself as a servant and had a servant dress as himself. Joan was not fooled and picked the king out. Charles was impressed when Joan told him that God had told her that he was the true heir.
See AlsoApr - Joan is given an army
Charles gave Joan a small army and she sets of to free Orleans from the English.
See AlsoApr 29 - Joan reaches Orleans
Joan reached Orleans and managed to get past the English to enter the town. There she raised the moral of the citizens trapped by the English siege.
See AlsoMay 8 - Siege of Orleans is lifted
Joan of Arc had tried to negotiate with the English without success. More French troops had arrived to assist break the blockade. On May 7th, Joan was wounded by an arrow in the neck but survived and managed to lead the French to defeat the English at Les Tourelles (part of the town). On May 8th the English moved out of Orleans.
See AlsoJun 18 - The Battle of Patay
The French defeat the English.
See AlsoJul 17 - Charles VII crowned at Rheims
Joan of Arc and the dauphin entered Rhiems. Charles was crowned in the Cathedral and became King of France.
See AlsoSep 8 - Joan fails to take Paris
The French fail to retake Paris that had been captured by the English. Joan was slightly injured during the fighting.
See AlsoNov - Henry VI crowned
Although Henry was still too young to reign he was crowned as Henry VI, King of England in response to the Duke of Bedford's concerns over the events in France.
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| | 1430 | May 23 - Joan of Arc is captured
Joan's main objective was to liberate Paris from the Burgundians, but first she needed to free Compiegne. It was during the fighting here that she was wounded again and this time captured. Joan was then sold to the English who handed her over to the Church. As Compiegne was under the bishopric of Beauvais Joan was delivered to Pierre Cauchon, the Bishop of Beauvais, who led the trial.
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| | 1431 | Jan - The trial of Joan of Arc
Joan's trial began.
See AlsoMay 30 - Joan of Arc burnt at the stake
Joan was burnt at the stake in Rouen in the Old Market Square.2
See AlsoDec - Henry VI crowned as King of France
Henry was crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris by Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester.
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| | 1432 | Events occurring at some time during this year York Minster south-west tower Building work on the south-west tower of York Minster until 1456. 1See Also | |
| | 1435 | Sep 14 - Duke of Bedford dies
John, Duke of Bedford, died in Rouen. Henry was still too young to rule and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, took over as regent until Henry was old enough to rule England unaided. Gloucester was not popular and was the cause of unrest with Parliament.
See AlsoSep 21 - Treaty of Arras
The English lost the support of the Duke of Burgundy against Charles VII with the signing of the Treaty of Arras where the Duke recognised Charles as the true King of France.3
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| | 1436 | Apr 13 - The French retake Paris
The long occupation of Paris by the English was ended when the French rescued the city.3
See AlsoMay 1 - Richard, Duke of York is appointed Lieutenant-general
Richard, Duke of York, is appointed lieutenant-general in France by the king, Henry VI.
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| | 1437 | Jan 3 - Catherine of France dies
Catherine died in this year after retiring to Bermondsey Abbey. Some reports say she died whilst giving birth, but this is probably wrong.
See AlsoMar 25 - James II becomes King of the Scots
After the death of his father, James II became the King of the Scots.4
See AlsoQtr 2 - Owen Tudor is captured
After the death of Catherine of France Owen Tudor was summonsed by Henry VI. Owen was unsure of Henry's motives and wanted some guarantee that he would be able to leave unharmed. That guarantee was given and Owen went to London. Still cautious, Owen used the safety of Westminster to investigate the King's reasons for his summons and when he was relatively happy visited the King. Owen was charged with certain crimes but was cleared and allowed to leave. On his return to Wales Owen was arrested and imprisoned in Newgate gaol.
See AlsoNov - Henry VI rules unaided
Henry VI takes control of England when he is declared old enough to rule unaided.
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| | 1438 | Qtr 1 - Owen Tudor escapes
Somehow Owen escaped from the Newgate prison along with his priest and servant but was soon recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle.
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| | 1439 | Jul - Owen Tudor is pardoned
Owen Tudor was pardoned for all crimes he had been accused of and released from Windsor Castle. He was taken in by the King and given a regular income. Owen and his sons proved to be faithful Lancastrian supporters.
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| | 1440 | Events occurring at some time during this year Harfleur captured by the English The English under the command of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, captured the port town of Harfleur on the northern coast of France. See AlsoHerstmonceux Castle construction Construction of the brick Herstmonceux castle took place around this time. See AlsoTattershall Castle brick tower construction Construction of the brick tower at Tattershall took place around this time. See Also
Richard, Duke of York was re-appointed lieutenant-general of France and Normandy.5
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| | 1441 | Summer - Duke of York in Normandy
Although Richard, Duke of York, had been appointed governor of France and Normandy he did not go until reports from Rouen in Normandy of French attacks persuaded him to do so.5
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| | 1442 | Events occurring at some time during this year Calais relieved by Edmund Beaufort The English who were under siege inside Calais were resupplied by Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. For his actions Beaufort received the title Earl of Dorset. See Also
Edward was born on April 28th in Rouen in Normandy. His father was Richard, Duke of York, the great-grandson of Edward III. Richard was acting as Henry VI's lieutenant-general in France.
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| | 1444 | Apr - Treaty of Tours
A peace treaty signed between Henry VI of England and Charles VII of France. The treaty resulted in five years of peace between the two countries and included the arrangement of marriage between Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou.5
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| | 1445 | Apr 23 - Marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
The marriage of the King of England to Margaret of Anjou had been arranged as part of the treaty signed at Tours to ensure peace between England and France.6
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| | 1447 | Events occurring at some time during this year Edmund Beaufort appointed lieutenant of France Edmund Beaufort was appointed lieutenant of France. Richard of York had wanted to be re-appointed to the position. Edmund and Richard became rivals in the battles of the War of the Roses. 5See Also
A parliamment was held at Bury St. Edmunds where the Duke of Gloucester was accused of treason and arrested. It was said that he was planning an uprising against the king. The accusations were made falsely by the Duke of Suffolk. Gloucester died only days after his arrest.
See AlsoQtr 4 - Richard, Duke of York, Lieutenant of Ireland
Richard, Duke of York, had previously been the Lieutenant of France and Normandy but this had expired and the title had gone to his rival Edmund Beaufort (later Duke of Somerset). Instead, Richard was appointed the title of Lieutenant of Ireland.5
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| | 1449 | Events occurring at some time during this year Richard Neville becomes Earl of Warwick Richard Neville married Anne Beauchamp who was the heiress to the Warwick Earldom. The last male Beauchamp had died without an heir and so Richard took the title of earl of Warwick. This gave him control of large amounts of land in the Midlands and South Wales. See Also
Several years after the Treaty of Arras, after which the conflict between England and France had subdued, an English force attacked and took over the town of Fougeres in Brittany. This sparked the resumption of the war between the two countries.3
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Selection of references used:
1. John Harvey,English Cathedrals,1961
2. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
3. W.H.Hudson,France, The Nation & its Development,MCMXVII
4. Susan Ross,The Castles of Scotland,
5. J R Lander,The War of the Roses,
6. Jasper Ridley,The History of England,1981
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