| | | 1400 | Events occurring at some time during this year Tower built at Carlisle The tower and north transept at Carlisle were begun in 1400 and were completed in 1419. 1See AlsoYork Minster East Window Building work on the East Window of York Minster until 1405. 1See AlsoChapter House at Canterbury building work Chapter House at Canterbury building work by Stephen Lote. 2See AlsoHenry Yeveley dies. Henry Yeveley, one of the greatest late medieval architects died in 1400. His work on Canterbury Cathedral was continued by his pupil Stephen Lote. See Also
Supporters of Richard II planned to attack King Henry during a tournament held over Christmas at Windsor Castle. The plot was betrayed by Edward, Earl of Rutland, son of the Duke of York. Henry and his family escaped to London, and by the time the king returned to Windsor with an army, the rebels had been dealt with by local people.3
See AlsoFeb - Death of Richard II
Richard II died some time between the 9th and 17th of February 1400 while being imprisoned at Pontefract Castle. The cause of his death is not known. He died at the age of 33.4
See AlsoAug - Glendower's revolt starts 
What started as a land dispute between Owen Glendower, a wealthy land owner in Wales and his rival Lord Grey of Rutin quickly escalated to a revolt when the English King Henry IV sided with Rutin and awarded him the land.3
See AlsoAug - Henry invades Scotland
To stop the Scots raiding the northern borders of England Henry took an army into Scotland. The Scottish king Robert III did not concede defeat and Henry had to resort to minor raids of his own without any real outcome for either side.3
See AlsoSep - Glendower proclaimed Prince of Wales
Glendower's revolt spread and he proclaimed himself the Prince of Wales. He was joined by the Tudor brothers from Angelsey and began guerrilla warfare against the English in the North of Wales and the Marcher Lords in the centre.3
See AlsoOct - Henry fights back against Glendower
Henry IV moved into North Wales to try and stop the rebellion but he was not able to deal with the Welsh rebels who were more skilled at fighting in the terrain.3
See AlsoOct 25 - Death of Geoffrey Chaucer.
Geoffrey Chaucer died.
5
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| | 1401 | Events occurring at some time during this year De heretico comburendo The statute called De heretico comburendo was passed by Henry IV allowing heretics to be burnt at the stake. It was forbidden for anyone to translate the Bible into English and illegal to own a copy. 5See AlsoHotspur takes control in North Wales Henry IV gave his son Prince Henry, the future Henry V, the task of defeating Glendower in North Wales. As the boy was only 13 years old, Hotspur a knight and jouster of importance was given the role of guardian over the Prince. Hotspur was the son of Henry Percy the Earl of Northumberland. 3See Also
William Sawtrey was a follower of John Wycliffe.
See AlsoJun - Hotspur resigns
After accusing the king of not paying his army, Hotspur resigned his guardianship of the king's son in North Wales and he left to resume fighting the Scots.3
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| | 1402 | Events occurring at some time during this year Henry IV assembles an army The king assembled an army at Shrewsbury Castle in preparation to fight Owen Glendower. 6See Also
Edmund Mortimer's army met Owen Glendower at Pilleth near Whitton in central Wales. Mortimer's army was badly defeated and Mortimer was captured. Glendower offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom, but Henry IV refused to pay.
See AlsoSep 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill
The armies of the Percies and the Scots met at Homildon Hill near Wooler in Northumberland. The Scots were defeated and the Scots' leader the Earl of Douglas was captured. Henry IV wanted Douglas handed over but Hotspur refused. Hotspur was angry with the English king who had refused to pay a ransom for Edmund Mortimer who had been captured by Owen Glendower and who was a friend of Hotspur's.
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| | 1403 | Events occurring at some time during this year Weobley Castle attacked Owen Glendower attacked and badly damaged Weobley Castle. 7See AlsoKidwelly Castle attacked Owen Glendower's forces attacked Kidwelly Castle managing to set fire to the unfinished gatehouse but did not capture the castle. 8See AlsoLlansteffan Castle attacked by Glendower The Norman Llansteffan Castle was attacked by Owen Glendower. Glendower may have held the castle for a short time until it was retaken by Sir John Penress (Pennes). See AlsoAbergavenny attacked by Glendower The castle at Abergavenny was attacked and burnt by Owen Glendower. 9See AlsoPrince Henry in command Prince Henry, now sixteen, took control of this army in Wales. He took his troops looking for Owen Glendower but could not find him and so burnt villages and killed any prisoners that were taken. Henry's main problem, like Hotspur's before him was that the King was not providing enough money to pay the English troops. See AlsoRevolt of the Percies The Percies, led by the Earl of Northumberland and Hotspur announced their intent to revolt against Henry IV. They even promised to free the Scots they had captured at the battle of Homildon if the Scots assisted in the revolt. The plan was to join forces with Owen Glendower and support the claim of the young Edmund Mortimer 5th Earl of March to the English throne. See Also
Henry IV managed to reach Shrewsbury just before Hotspur arrived and the rebel army had to camp outside the town to the north. The battle lasted all day but it ended when Hotspur was killed.
See AlsoAug - Earl of Northumberland surrenders
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland (Hotspur's father) had not managed to reach Shrewsbury in time to save his son. The Earl surrendered to the King, who accepted and showed the Earl mercy.
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| | 1404 | Events occurring at some time during this year Aberystwyth falls to the Welsh Owen Glendower captured the town of Aberystwyth and its castle after a lengthy blockade. 8See AlsoCardiff sacked by Glendower Owen Glendower attacked and captured the town of Cardiff and its castle. 10See AlsoHarlech Castle siege The Welsh captured Harlech Castle and the fortess became the base for Owen's revolt. See AlsoWorcester Cathedral north and south cloisters Work began on the north and south cloisters of Worcester Cathedral. Until 1432. 1See Also
Owen Glendower called a Parliament where he declared himself to be the true 'Prince of Wales'. Embassies from France and Scotland attended the meeting and gave promises to support Glendower's plans to overthrow Henry IV.
See AlsoSep 27 - Death of William of Wykeham
William of Wykeham the Bishop of Winchester died in this year. He was replaced by Henry Beaufort.5
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| | 1405 | Feb - Glendower's agreement
Owen Glendower, Edmund Mortimer and the Earl of Northumberland combine forces and share the same goal of removing Henry IV. They agreed to divide England and Wales in three, Owen taking Wales and the west of England, the Earl to take the north of England and the north Midlands. Mortimer could have the rest.
See AlsoSpring - Battles of Grosmont and Usk
English forces fought and defeated Welsh forces in two battles at Grosmont and Usk. Sir John Talbot defeated Glendower at Grosmont and Prince Henry forced the Welsh to flee at Usk. Glendower's eldest son was captured at Usk and sent to the Tower of London where he died.
See AlsoApr - Scrope's revolt
Richard Scrope colluded with the Earl of Northumberland to overthrow Henry IV. Scrope was the Archbishop of York.
See AlsoMay - Scrope executed
The Archbishop's revolt was crushed with the aid of the Nevilles and the king had him executed.
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| | 1406 | Mar - James (I) captured by the English
Robert III had fled from the Duke of Albany to Rothesay Castle and had attempted to send his son James to France. English pirates intercepted James and he was sent to London and imprisoned.
See AlsoApr - Robert III dies
Robert III, King of Scotland died at Rothesay Castle. His son James, although the rightful heir to the Scottish throne, was not crowned until 1424.
See AlsoApr - James I of Scotland
With the death of Robert III, King of the Scots, James I was the new King of Scotland but as he was imprisoned by the English, his brother Robert, acted as Regent until James' release in 1424.11
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| | 1407 | Events occurring at some time during this year Harlech Castle siege The English besiege the Welsh in Harlech Castle. See AlsoPrince Henry besieges Aberystwyth Prince Henry laid siege to the castle at Aberystwyth in an attempt to remove the Welsh who had captured it in 1404. See AlsoYork Minster central tower Building work on the central tower of York Minster until 1423. 1See Also | |
| | 1408 | Feb - Battle of Bramham Moor
The end of the Percy's revolt came at the battle of Bramham Moor where the Earl of Northumberland was killed by the Sheriff of Yorkshire.
See AlsoAutumn - Aberystwyth falls to Henry
The Welsh surrender the castle at Aberyswyth. They had held out for a year. Prince Henry had tried destroying the castle with canons but had no success.
See AlsoWinter - Henry IV very ill
The King's mysterious illness had resurfaced and he was extremely ill and close to death. Prince Henry was temporarily put in control of the country.
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| | 1409 | Mar - Harlech falls to the English
The Welsh in Harlech Castle surrender to the English and the revolt of Welsh comes to an end. Edmund Mortimer was killed.
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| | 1410 | Events occurring at some time during this year Founding of St. Andrews University. St. Andrews is the oldest university in Scotland. 5 | |
| | 1411 | Sep 21 - Birth of Richard of York
Richard, Duke of York, was born on the 21st of September. His father was Richard, Earl of Cambridge, and his mother was Anne Mortimer.
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| | 1412 | Jan - Joan of Arc born
Joan is born at Domremy.
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| | 1413 | Mar 20 - Henry IV dies
Henry IV died in the Palace of Westminster. The mysterious disease he had suffered from for many years had taken its toll. Prince Henry accepted the crown and claimed it. The Earl of March now old enough to rule still had a very good claim of his own.
See AlsoApr 9 - Henry V crowned
Henry V was crowned at Westminster Abbey. The ceremony was marked by a very bad snow storm but people were uanble to decide if this was a bad omen or a good one.
See AlsoAutumn - Sir John Oldcastle arrested
As the leader of the Lollards, the friend of the King was arrested and sent to the Tower of London.
See AlsoDec - Richard II's body moved
In an act of respect to Richard II, Henry had the dead king's body moved to its proper resting place in Westminster Abbey.
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| | 1414 | Jan 9 - Lollards arrested
A meeting of the Lollards was stormed by the King's troops and many were arrested and subsequently put to death. Their leader, Sir John Oldcastle, managed to escape capture.
See AlsoSummer - Henry claims French territories
France was in the midst of a civil war between the Burgundians and the Armagnacs. Charles VI, the king of France, had joined the Armagnacs. Henry came in on the side of the Burgundians and saw the opportunity to reclaim lost lands in France. Henry's plan was to invade France but he needed a good reason. He gave the French king a list of demands including the French throne, the restoration of the Angevin empire and the hand of the king's daughter in marriage. If the demands could not be met Henry could go to war.
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| | 1415 | Spring - Preparations for war with France
As negotiations were underway in France, England was preparing for the invasion of France.
See AlsoAug 1 - Plot to overthrow the King
Led by Richard Earl of Cambridge, Henry's cousin, a plot to assassinate the King and replace him with the Earl of March who was the true heir to the throne was hatched. The revolt brought together all the old enemies of Henry including Lord Scrope (Archbishop Scrope's nephew) and the Lollards. The Earl of March whose loyalties were with the king informed Henry of the plot the night before and the rebels were arrested. Several were executed.
See AlsoAug 11 - Henry sails for France
Preparations for war were complete and Henry's army set sail from Southampton for the French coast.
See AlsoAug 16 - English fleets lands in Normandy
Henry's army landed on the north bank of the Seine estuary near to the town of Harfleur (now part of Le Havre). Henry organised the siege of the town and waited for it to fall.
See AlsoSep 22 - Harfleur falls to the English
The town held out for five weeks in which time the English soldiers were starting to suffer from disease caught from their camps in the marshes. The people in the town were not doing much better and when it was clear that the town was not going to be rescued, the citizens surrendered. Henry treated the towns people with respect and let them leave.
See AlsoOct 8 - The march to Calais
Henry's plans for invading France had been dented by the time it took to capture Harfleur and the affect of disease on his men. He decided to move his men to Calais which was under English control.
See AlsoOct 19 - Henry crosses the Somme
Henry's plan was to get across the Somme at its estuary where it was relatively easy to cross but he recieved word that the crossing was being guarded by the French. Henry had no other choice but to follow the west bank of the Somme south into French territory to find a suitable crossing point. His men were short of food as Henry had told them to take only a few day's supplies expecting them to reach Calais. Henry tinally found a crossing point that was unguarded and his army crossed the Somme.
See AlsoOct 25 - The Battle of Agincourt
The English army met the French army near the town of Agincourt. Although the English were outnumbered three to one, Henry used the local terrain to his advantage. The French cavalry were hit heavily by the English archers and French knights got bogged down in the wet fields. The French were defeated and Henry ordered that no prisoners should be taken apart from the extremely important knights who could be ransomed. The death toll amongst the French nobility was high.
See AlsoNov - Henry returns to England
After a few weeks recovering in Calais from their ordeal, Henry and the English army returned to England to a hero's welcome.
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| | 1416 | Events occurring at some time during this year Armagnac Fleet blockade Harfleur A French fleet laid siege to Harfleur, the French port captured by Henry V, and attempted to get it back. Harfleur was defended by Thomas Beaufort, the earl of Exeter. See Also
An English fleet commanded by John Duke of Bedford attacked and defeated the French blockading the mouth of the Seine who were preventing supplies reaching the English held town of Harfleur. Bedford was the king's brother.
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| | 1417 | Dec 14 - Sir John Oldcastle executed
Sir John Oldcastle executed.
5
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| | 1420 | May 21 - Treaty of Troyes
Henry V pledged to recover all the lands of the dauphin Charles and (24.5) Henry recognised as heir to the French throne.
5
See AlsoJun 2 - Henry marries
The marriage of Henry and Catherine the daughter of Charles VI king of France sealed the Treaty of Troyes.
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| | 1421 | Feb 23 - Queen Catherine crowned
Queen Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
See AlsoDec 6 - Birth of Henry (VI)
Prince Henry (later Henry VI) was born at Windsor.
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| | 1422 | May - Meaux falls to the English
The French town of Meaux finally fell to the English besiegers. This being Henry's last great victory against the French.
See AlsoAug 31 - Henry V dies
Henry had fallen ill during the previous winter and had not recovered during the spring and summer. He died at the age of 34 in Bios de Vincennes in France on August 31st and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
See AlsoSep 1 - Henry VI becomes king
Henry VI became king of England upon the death of his father. Henry was less than one year old when his father died and so England was governed by a number of protectors. These included Henry V's brothers, John Duke of Bedford and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, along with Henry Beaufort the bishop of Winchester.
See AlsoOct 21 - Charles VI of France dies
Charles VI of France died and was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry VI of England was proclaimed king of France and John Duke of Bedford was appointed regent.5
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| | 1423 | Events occurring at some time during this year Battle of Cravant in France English defeat the French at Cravant 12See AlsoCanterbury South West Tower building work Canterbury South West Tower building work by Thomas Mapilton. 1See Also
Treaty allowing James I, of Scotland to be freed from his prison where he had been for eighteen years and return to Scotland and become King.
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| | 1424 | Events occurring at some time during this year Battle of Verneuil The English defeat the French at Verneuil 12See Also
James I, King of Scotland was crowned at Scone Abbey.
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Selection of references used:
1. John Harvey,English Cathedrals,1961
2. Jasper Ridley,The History of England,1981
3. Peter Earle,The Life and Times of Henry V,
4. Michael Senior,The Life and Times of Richard II,1981
5. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
6. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn,Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North),1872
7. John Kinross,Discovering Castles in England and Wales,
8. Mike Salter,Castles of South-West Wales,
9. Timbs & Gunn,Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales,
10. Mike Salter,Castles of Gwent, Glamorgan and Gower,
11. Susan Ross,The Castles of Scotland,
12. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
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