| | | 1200 | Events occurring at some time during this year John divorces Isabella of Gloucester King John had been married to Isabella of Gloucester for several years but they had no children. When John became king he quickly obtained a divorce leaving himself free to arrange a marriage that would give him political gain. Within the year he would marry Isabella of Angouleme, the daughter of an important baron in Aquitaine. 1See AlsoFire destroys the cathedral at Rouen The early cathedral at Rouen in France was badly damaged by a fire that destroyed other churches and parts of the city as well. 2See AlsoLincoln Cathedral Great transept Work began on the Lincoln Cathedral's main West transept, or Great transept in 1200. 3See AlsoRochester Cathedral Presbytery and Choir Building work on eastern area of the Cathedral began in around 1200 and continued until 1227. 3See Also
An eclipse of the moon occured at around midnight. (Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC)1
See AlsoMay 22 - Philippe and John sign a treaty
At le Goulet on the River Seine Philippe II signed a peace treaty with John providing two years of peace. The agreement recognised John as overlord of most of the English owned lands in France, but John had to give Philippe the lands of Norman Vexin and Evreux and a large sum of money.4
See AlsoAug 24 - John marries Isabella of Angouleme
Eager to make peace with the count of Angouleme, John marries his only daughter, Isabella. Isabella was engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, a family which John was worried about due to their power and influence and the fact that an alliance between Angouleme and Lusignan would be a danger to him. Isabella was twelve or thirteen.4
See AlsoSep 8 - John and Isabella are crowned
John and Isabella returned to England in late September and were both crowned at Westminster Abbey.
See AlsoNov 22 - William does homage to John
During a tour of the Midlands, John received homage from William 'the Lyon', King of Scotland at Lincoln. William was looking to move into the areas of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. John on the other hand enured that those areas were controlled by Barons he could trust.5
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| | 1201 | Events occurring at some time during this year Valle Crucis Abbey founded The abbey in North Wales was founded in 1201 by Madog ap Gruffuud Maelor. See AlsoDunkeswell Abbey founded This Cistercian abbey in Devon was founded by William Brewer. 6Banbury Castle strengthened Work on improving Banbury Castle continued between 1201 and 1207. 7
In France the Lusignans were causing problems still angry over John's marriage to Isabella. John ordered that an army should assemble at Portsmouth. Instead of taking the assembled army, John used the money they had to hire mercenaries and took them.
See AlsoJun - Storms do much damage
Severe thunderstorms and floods during the summer affected England.
See AlsoJun - Philippe entertains John in Paris
Even though Philippe was hearing complaints from the Lusignans about John's treatment towards them, he was not willing to go against John at this time and entertained him in Paris.4
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| | 1202 | Events occurring at some time during this year Winchester Cathedral Retrochoir and Lady Chapel Work began on the retrochoir (area to the east of the presbytery) and the Lady Chapel of Winchester Cathedral. Until 1235. 3See AlsoThe Fourth Crusade The Fourth Crusade. 8
John charged the Lusignans with treason. The Lusignans went to Philippe for help and Philippe demanded to see John in Paris and for John to surrender several castles in good faith.
See AlsoApr 28 - John fails to attend a summons to Philippe's court
Failing to attend the court of Philippe II, John was declared to be a rebel and to have forfeited the areas of Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou. Philippe tried to mediate in the problems between John and the Lusignans but was ignored by John. The lands were given to Arthur of Brittany. Philippe kept Normandy for himself.4
See AlsoJul - Arthur knighted
Philippe of France knights Arthur of Britanny.
See AlsoAug 1 - Battle of Mirebeau
Arthur of Brittany and the Lusignans had laid siege to Mirebeau Castle trapping Eleanor of Aquitaine inside. King John launched a rescue mission to free her. Arthur was captured by William de Broase and was handed over to King John. Many other important knights were also captured and it was an important and famous victory for the English king. Those that were captured were treated badly by King John. He could have ransomed them for their freedom and made a lot of money, instead he kept them prisoner locked in dungeons. Some he had shipped to England and imprisoned. Arthur was sent to the dungeoan in the castle at Falaise in Normandy.
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| | 1203 | Events occurring at some time during this year Beaulieu Abbey founded Founded by King John who wanted to become an object of prayer by the Cistercian order. The abbey was built on the site of a hunting lodge in the New Forest and was colonised by monks directly from Citeaux. 6See Also
Arthur was moved to Rouen from Falaise where he was being held. There it is said that John killed Arthur and dumped his weighted-down body in the Seine. The body was discovered and later buried.
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| | 1204 | Events occurring at some time during this year William Marshall captures Cilgerran William Marshall captured the Welsh castle at Cilgerran in Pembrokeshire from the Welsh. See AlsoGoodrich given to William Marshal King John gave Goodrich castle to William Marshal on his marriage to the heiress of the earldom of Pembroke. 9See Also
After losing Normandy to the French, John sent an embassy to France to negotiate with Philippe. In the party that went from England were Hubert Walter and William Marshal. The negotiations failed due to Philippe's demands.5
See AlsoApr 1 - Death of Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor, Henry II's wife and John's mother died.5
See AlsoJun - Normandy is taken by Philippe
Philippe II, King of France won control of Rouen, the capital of Normandy and Normandy itself. John still had control of Aquitaine.10
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| | 1205 | Jan - River Thames freezes
The winter of 1204/05 was so cold that the River Thames froze over and the cold spell lasted until March.
See AlsoFeb - Philippe plans invasion
Philippe II of France held a meeting in Normandy to discuss invading England. This forced John to abandon his own plans of invading Normandy as he could not risk moving his army abroad when the French were about to attack. The planned French invasion never materialised.5
See AlsoJun - John prepares invasion
Worried by rumours of an invasion from Philippe of France, led by heirs of king Stephen, John prepared an invasion fleet of his own. But the barons refused to cross the Channel and attack Normandy and so the fleet was disbanded.4
See AlsoSummer - More castles fall to the French
The castles at Chinon and Loches both fell to the French as Philippe strengthened his position. Again William Marshall travelled to see Philippe to agree peace terms, but his attempts were destroyed by Hubert Walter who sent a secret letter to Philippe telling him not to accept William Marshal's promise that John would do homage to Philippe. (What's going on here?)5
See AlsoJul 13 - Hubert Walter dies 
Hubert Walter the Archbishop of Canterbury and King John's most important advisor died.5
See AlsoDec - John forces election of De Gray
When Hubert Walter died a dispute began between King John and the monks of Canterbury over who should become the new Archbishop of Canterbury. King John wanted John de Grey, Bishop of Norwich, to have the position but the monks wanted their sub-prior, Reginald. The matter was delayed until December when a mission sent to Rome could consult the Pope. Reginald himself went as part of the mission and stated that he had been elected by the monks. When King John heard of this he demanded that De Gray should be elected and the monks dutifully did.5
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| | 1206 | Jun - John defends Aquitaine
After Philippe failed to invade England the year earlier, John took to opportunity to land an army at La Rochelle to defend his interests in Aquitaine which was his from his inheritance from Eleanor of Aquitaine, John's mother. John moved his army north and took back some of the lands he had lost to Philippe.5
See AlsoOct 26 - Philippe and John reach a truce
A two year truce is agreed between the Kings of England and France. 5
See AlsoDec - The Pope chooses Stephen Langton for Canterbury
Although the monks of Canterbury wanted their own sub-prior for the post of Archbishop and King John wanted John de Gray, Pope Innocent III chose Stephen Langton. Langton was originally from Lincolnshire but after teaching in Paris had moved to Rome where he had become a Cardinal. The monks of Canterbury accepted the Pope's decision and voted Langton in as the new Archbishop. King John did not agree.5
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| | 1207 | Events occurring at some time during this year John introduces the first income tax King John introduced the first income tax in England. One thirteenth of income from rents and moveable property had to be paid. Collected locally by sheriffs and administered by the Exchequer. The amount was one shilling on each mark of income, where a mark was 13 shillings and 4 pence. The tax was unpopular with the barons and especially in the churches and monasteries. The tax did raise a lot of money for the king, doubling his annual income for the year. 11See AlsoAberystwyth Castle demolished The castle at Aberystwyth was attacked and demolished by Maelgwyn, the brother of the then Lord of Cardinganshire. Maelgwyn had risen up in revolt against his brother and put him in prison. 12See AlsoMarshall inherits the lands of Leinster in Ireland As Earl of Pembroke, William Marshall inherited the lands of Leinster in Ireland. The link between Pembroke and Leinster started when Richard de Clare married the daughter of the King of Leinster in 1170. See AlsoOdiham Castle built At a cost of £1200, King John built the castle of Odiham. See AlsoEarl of Leicester loses land King John took the land of the Earl of Leicester (father of Simon de Montfort) and banished him from England. 13See AlsoStephen Langton becomes Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton was chosen as Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Innocent III. 4See Also
The Pope threatened King John with the sentence of Interdict unless he accepted Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. An Interdict meant that church services would be banned in England except for baptisms and confessions. 5
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| | 1208 | Events occurring at some time during this year West front of Notre Dame After the nave was completed construction work commenced on the west front of Notre Dame Cathedral under the direction of Pierre de Nemours. 2
With King John still refusing to accept Langton as Archbishop the Pope served the sentence of Interdict on England. In response King John confiscated church property. 5
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| | 1209 | Events occurring at some time during this year Cambridge University founded The university at Cambridge was founded by scholars from Oxford who left the university there after violent disputes with the local people. Langton lands at Dover Stephen Langton landed in England from France to see King John and take the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. John refused to meet with him although John did meet Stephen's brother Simon. 5See Also
John mobilized an army with the help of Llewelyn of Gwynedd a Welsh chieftain and moved them up to Norham Castle. William 'the Lyon', the king of Scotland was not ready for conflict and paid John to leave and a treaty was signed.5
See AlsoNov - John excommunicated by the Pope
King John is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III.
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| | 1210 | Events occurring at some time during this year Haverfordwest Castle hosts King John King John used Haverfordwest Castle as a staging post before and after travelling to Ireland. See AlsoFountains Abbey rebuilding work Rebuilding work of the eastern parts at Fountains Abbey. See AlsoKenilworth Castle defences improved King John spent time and money on the castle at Kenilworth, building outer walls and raising the height of the lake. 14See Also
John landed at Waterford looking for the rebel baron William de Broase who had fled to Ireland. John took the opportunity to visit his lands in Ireland receiving homage from the Irish Chieftains. de Broase fled but his wife and son were captured, taken back to England and starved to death in Windsor Castle.
See AlsoNov 1 - Arrest of Wealthy Jews
King John ordered that Jews across the country had to pay a 'tullage', a sum of money to the king. Those who did not pay were arrested, imprisoned and forced to pay the money in return for their release. May Jews were executed or left the country.11
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| | 1211 | Events occurring at some time during this year Rheims Cathedral destroyed by fire The French cathedral was left beyond repair after a fire. 2Barbican built at Bridgnorth Castle Work was carried out on the outer defences at Bridgnorth. 7See Also
In Northampton the Papal legate Pandulf served King John with his excommunication ordered by the Pope. For John this was a serious blow to his ability to rule the country as it absolved the King's subjects from their oaths of alliegence, gave the Barons reason to revolt and allowed the King of France to invade England to remove John from power.5
See AlsoJul - Peace with Wales
John and Llewelyn the Great of Wales reached an agreement and a peace treaty was signed.5
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| | 1212 | Events occurring at some time during this year A Great fire of London Fire broke out on the southen shore of the River Thames and crossed the river starting more fires on the northen shore. Many people were killed. Boats tried to rescue people trapped on London Bridge but the boats became overloaded and many drowned. This appears to be a big a disaster as the fire of 1666. 1See AlsoWilliam gives son as hostage William, King of the Scots was prepared to give John his eldest son, Alexander as hostage to keep the peace between the two countries. William was also eager that Alexander should become King of the Scots after himself. Earning the trust of John was to be repaid later when John sent an army to Scotland to help William put down a rebellion. 5See AlsoJohn extorts money from the barons Obsessed with regaining the Angevin empire, John tried all means to get money from the barons to pay for it. He held inquiries into tenures, confiscated estates, took hostages all in the hope that the barons would be forced to be loyal and to give him funds. 13See Also
Taking the advice of William Marshal John accepted the demands of the Pope and that Stephen Langton should become Archbishop. A peace mission was also sent to the Pope.5
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| | 1213 | Mar - John prepares against invasion
At a camp near Canterbury called Barham Down King John mobilized an army against the threat of invasion from the French.
See AlsoSpring - French plan invasion
Because King John had been excommunicated by the Pope the French king, Philippe, had the right to invade England and remove John from the throne. Philippe wanted to put his son Louis in John's place.5
See AlsoMay 30 - French fleet defeated
The English fleet defeated the French fleet off Damme, Flanders and the French plans of invasion are destroyed.5
See AlsoJul - Excommunication lifted
When King John agreed to meet Stephen Langton at Winchester he was absolved from excommunication.5
See AlsoSep 26 - Pope's envoy arives in England
Cardinal Nicholas De Romanis arrived in England to prepare for the settlement of the Interdict. John's punishment was to pay 100,000 marks to compensate the church for the losses he had caused it.5
See AlsoNov - John meets the Barons
John met the Barons at Wallingford in an attempt to prevent them from rebelling against him.5
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| | 1214 | Events occurring at some time during this year Dieulacres Abbey moved A new location for this Cistercian abbey was found near Leek in Staffordshire. Foundation of Deer Abbey This Cistercian abbey near Peterhead in Scotland was founded by monks from Kinloss.
John elects Peter Des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester as his Justiciar. Des Roches had supported John through the years of Interdict and was repaid for his loyalty, but he was not popular with the other Barons.5
See AlsoFeb 2 - John sails for France
John's conflict with Philippe of France started again with John's departure from Portsmouth. With him sailed his wife and second son, Richard. He also took a large amount of treasure.5
See AlsoJun 29 - Interdict lifted
At St. Paul's Cathedral, in London, the Interdict was finally lifted.5
See AlsoJul 27 - Battle of Bouvines
English forces under the control of Emperor Otto IV were defeated by Philip II of France.
See AlsoOct 15 - John returns from France
Upset by demands for higher taxes and less control over affairs in England, the Barons met John on his return with a charter from the time of Henry I which they wanted John to agree to and abide by. 5
See AlsoDec 4 - William the Lyon of Scotland dies
See AlsoDec 5 - Alexander II became King of the Scots
Alexander was crowned at Scone.
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| | 1215 | Events occurring at some time during this year Llewellyn captures Cilgerran Castle Llewellyn's fight against the Normans continued with the capture of Cilgerran Castle. 15See AlsoLlewellyn captures Abervagenny Castle The castle at Abervagenny was captured from King John's forces by Llewellyn. 16See AlsoWallingford Castle fortified The fortifications at Wallingford castle were strengthened at this time. 7See AlsoColchester Castle occupied by the French An invasion force from France under direction of Philippe II, the king of France captured Colchester Castle. Their objective was to help the cause of the Baron's against king John. See Also
Promising the Barons safe passage, John met them in London to discuss their demands. John postponed any answer until Easter.5
See AlsoMar 4 - John takes oath for Crusade
Hoping to gain the support of the Pope against the Barons, John took the oath to go on Crusade.5
See AlsoApr 1 - Pope sides with John
Pope Innocent III sent a letter to the Barons asking them to halt their actions against John.5
See AlsoMay 17 - London falls to the Rebels
The gates to London were opened by a supporter of the rebellious Barons and the houses of Jews were targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels called for those Barons still on the side of John to join them. The Tower of London held by John's supporters was too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.5
See AlsoMay 27 - A truce is sought
Stephen Langton and William Marshall attempted to get the Barons and John to meet and find a settlement to the civil war. 5
See AlsoJun 15 - John's Great Charter (the Magna Carta)
A large number of barons, led by Stephen Langton the archbishop of Canterbury, meet King John on an island in the Thames at Runnymede. They forced the king to sign the 'Great Charter' or Magna Carta that would limit the power of the monarchy. The barons insisted that the old feudal contract should be reinstated and that the king should abide by the laws that the rest of the population did. The feudal contract allowed the barons to run their own lands, renting it from the king but paying rent by supplying knights rather than money. This feudal system had been set up by William the Conqueror.13
See AlsoAug 24 - The Magna Carta is annulled
Pope Innocent III annulled the Magna Carta freeing King John from its limitations. The Pope annulled the charter on the grounds that the King only signed it because he was forced to and that the document was illegal. The Pope was prepared to support John against the rebel barons because he wanted him to take a key role in a new crusade.
See AlsoOct - Baron's war
After the Magna Carta was annulled and it was clear that John was not going to agree to the terms of the charter the civil war between King John and the rebel barons started. The barons offered the English crown to Prince Louis, the son of King Philippe II of France and invited him to invade England. John confiscated the rebel barons' lands and gave them to his own supporters. King John besieged Rochester Castle where a garrison of men had been left by the barons. The garrison was starved out and the castle fell to the King.
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| | 1216 | Events occurring at some time during this year Beaudesert castle inner bailey Peter de Montfort rebuilt the inner bailey of Beaudesert Castle in stone, of which nothing remains. 14
King John attacked Berwick and forced the Scots to leave. He also raided the lowlands.
See AlsoFeb - Small French fleet land in London
A small French army landed in London. Their commander informed the rebel barons that Prince Louis would soon arrive from France.
See AlsoFeb - King John puts down revolt
King John put down a revolt in East Anglia. The Barons and the French kept hold of London.
See AlsoMay 18 - A storm hits John's fleet
John's fleet of ships was badly damaged by storms as they prepare to defend against an invasion from France. This left the way open for Prince Louis to sail to England a few days later.5
See AlsoMay 21 - Prince Louis of France claims English Throne
Invited by the barons opposed to king John, Prince Louis of France landed in England to claim the English Throne. Louis captured Rochester Castle after a short siege.
See AlsoJun (to Oct) - Prince Louis advances across England
Prince Louis advanced on Winchester and captured the city and its castle. Elsewhere, Windsor Castle and Dover Castle were besieged by the rebel barons. Both castles were defended and held out against the sieges. King John used Corfe Castle in the south-west as his base of operations while he planned his campaign against the rebel barons and Prince Louis.
See AlsoJul 18 - Honorius III elected as the new Pope
Pope Innocent III died on July 16 and two days later in Rome the cardinals elected Honorius III as the Pope.
See AlsoSep - William of Cassingham
A man called William of Cassingham, possibly known as Willekin of the Weald, supported King John against the invaders and attacked the rebel barons and French in whatever means he could using a form of guerrilla warfare.17
See AlsoOct - Death of King John
King John died at Newark from excessive eating and drinking. Protestant historians of the 16th century wrote that he was poisoned by a monk at Swineshead in Lincolnshire. The monk received orders from the Pope to kill King John and took a small amount of poisoned wine himself to reassure the King and also died. But had King John become the Pope's ally before his death?
See AlsoOct 19 - King John dies
King John died at Newark. This was shortly after he lost his baggage train in the Wash estuary as the tide returned. There was supposed to be a large amount of treasure in the baggage train at the time and it has never been found.
See AlsoOct 28 - King Henry III Crowned
King John's eldest son Henry was crowned King Henry III at the abbey church of Gloucester by Peter des Roches the Bishop of Winchester. The Earl of Pembroke, Earl Marshal of England (William Marshal), was declared Regent.
See AlsoNov - Llewelyn divides Wales
Llewelyn of Wales divided south Wales amongst the native princes.
Nov 12 - Revision to the Magna Carta
The Magna Carta was revised at King Henry's Council at Bristol.
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| | 1217 | Events occurring at some time during this year Foundation of Culross Abbey Cluross Abbey, in Fife Scotland, was founded by this year by Malcolm, the Earl of Fife. Porchester castle captured Prince Louis captured and almost destroyed the castle at Porchester. See Also
Royalists besieged the French controlled Mountsorrel Castle in Lincolnshire. When Louis sent reinforcements to assist those in the castle the royalists moved away to Nottingham. The French army then made the mistake of moving on to Lincoln where the royalists had held out against previous attacks.17
See AlsoMay 20 - Battle of Lincoln
Henry III's supporters defeated the forces belonging to Prince Louis and the rebel barons that were besieging the castle at Lincoln.
See AlsoAug 24 - Battle off Sandwich
A fleet of French ships were defeated off the coast near Sandwich by Hubert de Burgh. The French fleet was commanded by Eustace the Monk, a pirate and mercenary who fought for both the French and English when it suited his needs. The French fleet were bringing more men and supplies to assist Prince Louis in his quest to take the English throne. The ship Eustace was on was captured and the monk was executed.
See AlsoSep 12 - Treaty of Kingston
The defeat of the French fleet left Prince Louis without much hope of taking the English throne. William Marshall blockaded London from the sea and land and at Lambeth Louis accepted peace terms. Louis waived his claim to the throne of England and should have restored Normandy to Henry but did not. Louis was paid 10,000 marks to ensure he left the country as soon as possible. William Marshall pardoned all those who had supported Louis.
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| | 1219 | Events occurring at some time during this year Foundation of Deer Abbey The Cistercian Deer Abbey in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, was founded by Willaim Coymn, the Earl of Buchan. It was populated with monks from Kinloss. William Marshal dies William Marshal is succeeded by Peter de Roches, Bishop of Winchester and Hubert de Burgh who was Justiciary. See AlsoThe Fifth Crusade (1219-21) The Fifth Crusade. 8 | |
| | 1220 | Events occurring at some time during this year Llewelyn raids Pembrokeshire Llewelyn, the Prince of Wales, began raiding Pembrokeshire to retake land that he accused William Marshall, the younger, of stealing. 17See AlsoHenry III's improvements at the Tower Henry III made large alterations to the Tower of London including new curtain walls, an improved water filled ditch and a water gate so the King could enter the castle directly from the Thames. 18See AlsoLady Chapel at Oxford Work began on the Lady Chapel at Oxford Cathedral. The chapel was incorporated into the layout of the Cathedral as an extra aisle built onto the north side of the building. 19See AlsoGrosmont Castle building work Hubert de Burgh improved the defences at Grosmont Castle, including the gatehouse and towers. 20See AlsoChapter-house of Lincoln Cathedral Lincoln's Chapter-house was constructed between 1220 and 1235. 3See AlsoWork on the Lady Chapel of Salisbury Cathedral The Lady Chapel of Salisbury Cathedral appears to be the starting point of the construction of the new cathedral. Work continued until 1225. 3See AlsoSalisbury Cathedral rebuilding started A new site 2 miles from the original site at Old Sarum was chosen for the new Salisbury Cathedral. For a Cathedral the building work was completed in a very short time and the building was consecrated in 1258 only 38 years later. See Also
At his coronation in Westminster Abbey, Henry was reminded of his duties at king to maintain peace, defend the rights of the crown and to dispense justice where required. Henry was only around thirteen years old.
See AlsoJul 7 - Stephen Langton returns to England
Stephen Langton returned to England and resumed the role of Archbishop of Canterbury. He performed a ceremony in Canterbury in which relics from St. Thomas Becket were put in a tomb. The 7th of July became St. Thomas of Canterbury's Day; a major holy day.
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| | 1221 | Events occurring at some time during this year Joan marries Alexander II At York Minster, king John's daughter Joan married Alexander II, the king of the Scots. Joan was only eleven years old at the time of the wedding. See AlsoHubert de Burgh Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, travelled to Rome and left Hubert de Burgh in charge of affairs of the country. See Also | |
| | 1222 | Events occurring at some time during this year William the younger retakes his castles Llewelyn, the Prince of Wales, had captured the castles at Carmarthen and Cardigan but both were recaptured by William Marshall, the younger. 17See Also | |
| | 1223 | Events occurring at some time during this year Earls deprived of their castles Hubert de Burgh gets agreement that the rebel barons should give up their Earldoms and castles which were to be turned over to the crown. The Earls were slow in complying with the agreement. 17See AlsoCilgerran Castle recaptured William Marshall, the younger, recaptured the castle at Cilgerran from Llewelyn ap Iorwerth. See AlsoLouis VIII becomes King of France Louis VIII became king of France, upon the death of his father Philippe Augustus. 21See Also | |
| | 1224 | Events occurring at some time during this year London Fog From the Chronicles of Meaux Abbey came the report saying 'A London fog occurred while the Bishop of London was officiating in St. Paul's there came on suddenly such a thickness of the clouds and darkness of the sun, accompanied by thunder and lightening and a most foul stench, that the people departed, leaving only the bishop there with one attendant.' 12See Also
All those castles that had been taken from King John were claimed back by Henry. Henry did not want to have untrustworthy Barons in control of strong castles. Fawkes de Breaute, one of the castle occupiers refused to relinquish his castle(s) and started a short rebellion. Stephen Langton and Hubert de Burgh dealt with Fawkes and the castles were handed over. (Need to find out which castles)
See AlsoJun (to Aug) - Bedford Castle siege
The garrison at Bedford Castle, belonging to the rebel Falkes de Breute, refused to surrender to the Crown. Falkes had been repeated summonsed to account for his refusal to comply with agreement and when he refused to appear before the King the castle was surrounded. The castle fell when the keep was undermined. The garrison, who had surrendered the castle, were all hung on the order of the Justiciar. Falkes was allowed to leave the country but he lost all his possessions in doing so. Bedford Castle was badly damaged as a result.20
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Selection of references used:
1. The Plantagenet Chronicles,
2. T Francis Bumpus,The Cathedtrals of Northern France,
3. John Harvey,English Cathedrals,1961
4. Richard Barber,The Devil's Crown,
5. Maurice Ashley,The Life and Times of King John,
6. Various,The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain,1998
7. Derek Renn,Norman Castles,1968
8. T. Wise & G.A. Embleton,Armies of the Crusades,
9. Goodrich Castle English Heritage Guide,
10. M.T.Clanchy,England and its Rulers,
11. John Julius Norwich,A History of Venice,
12. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn,Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North),1872
13. Elizabeth Luckock and Caroline Gundy,Simon de Montfort,1969
14. Mike Salter,Castles and Moated Castles of Warwickshire,
15. Mike Salter,Castles of South-West Wales,
16. Timbs & Gunn,Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales,
17. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
18. Derek Wilson,The Tower (1078 - 1978),
19. G H Cook,English Cathedrals through the centuries,
20. John Kinross,Discovering Castles in England and Wales,
21. Duc de Castries,The lives of the Kings and Queens of France,
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