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| Macbeth (Scottish King) |
| Born: Died: 1057 | Shakespeare based his play on this Scottish King. Macbeth reigned from 1040 to 1057. He was killed by Malcolm, the son of Duncan I. Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magellan, Ferdinand |
| Sixteenth century explorer. | ||||||||||
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| Magnus (I, King of Norway) |
| Born: Died: 1047 | . | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Malcolm (II, Scottish King) |
| Born: Died: 1034 | Mael Coluim mac Cinaeda or more commonly known as Malcolm II. Malcolm was the Scottish king from 1005 until 1034. | |||||||||||||||||
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Malcolm (II, Scottish King) ( - d.1034)
| Malcolm (III, Scottish King 1058-1093) |
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| Malcolm (IV, Scottish King 1153-1165) |
| Born: 1142 Died: 9 Dec 1165 | Malcolm was the grandson of David I. He became king of Scotland in 1153 when David died. In 1157 Henry II claimed Northumbria and Cumbria back from the Scots. Henry had given these areas to Scotland when he had become king of England, but now he wanted them back. Malcolm was known as the 'Maiden' and did not marry, although it is thought he did have an illegitimate child. Malcolm died in his mid twenties and was succeeded by his brother William. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mandeville, Geoffrey de (Earl of Essex) |
| Born: Died: 1144 | One of the barons who during the reign of Stephen took advantage of the chaos to pillage and cause as much destruction as possible to further his own power and wealth. Mandeville had inherited the position of Constable of the Tower of London. When Stephen became king in 1135, Mandeville swore alliegance to the new king and was rewarded with the Earldom of Essex. During the first few years of Stephen's reign, Mandeville travelled with Stephen helping him put down revolts against the king. When Matilda took control of London in 1140, Mandeville was quick to change to her side to protect his interests. When king Stephen again took back control in 1141 again he changed sides, but his changing loyalties eventually led to his arrest and banishment. It was from 1141 until his death in 1144 that he became an outlaw. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Margaret (daughter of Alexander III) |
| Daughter of Alexander III, King of Scotland. Married King Eric of Norway and their daughter was Margaret, the 'Maid of Norway'. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Margaret (Daughter of Henry VII) |
| Born: 1489 Died: 1541 | Married James IV of Scotland. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Margaret (Maid of Norway) |
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| Margaret (of Anjou) |
| Born: 23 Mar 1429 Died: 25 Aug 1482 | Margaret of Anjou was the wife of Henry VI. The marriage between the two was arranged as part of the Treaty of Tours in 1444 between Henry and Charles VII of France. Henry and Margaret were married in 1445. They had one child, Edward, who was born in 1453. Queen Margaret led the fight for the Lancastrians against the Yorkists while Henry was in captivity. See the timeline below for more information. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Margaret (St. Margaret of Scotland) |
| Born: Died: Nov 1093 | Sister of Edgar the Aetheling and married to Malcolm III, King of Scotland. Edgar had rebelled against William the Conqueror and had been forced to find safety at the court of Malcolm III, King of the Scots. Margaret had accompanied Edgar to Scotland. Malcolm was happy to assist Edgar and other Lords in the attempts to take land back from the Normans. Margaret was deeply religious and founded many churches including Dunfermline Abbey. Certain miracles are supposed to have occurred during her lifetime and after her death she was canonised and later made a patron saint of Scotland. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Marshal, Richard (Earl of Pembroke) |
| Born: Died: Apr 1234 | Son of William Marshal who became Earl of Pembroke when his elder brother died in 1231. Richard rebelled against Henry III and Peter de Roches (Bishop of Winchester) and Peter de Rivaux (Justiciar) who had taken control of the countries finances against the rules laid down by the Magna Carta. After a brief war, Richard was murdered in Ireland. | ||||||
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| Marshal, William (Earl of Pembroke) |
| Born: Died: 1219 | Beginning penniless, William Marshal became an important figure, respected by Henry II, Richard I and king John. At the age of at least seventy he led forces against Louis VIII of France to assist a nine-year old Henry III retain his throne. At the age of five or six William was given to King Stephen as a hostage. Stephen's kindness prevented William's death. William was trained as a squire in the Tancarville family, an important family in Normandy. William's allegiance to Henry II and his sons, the Young King and Richard (I) is complicated, swapping sides from time to time, but he had the respect of them all. William was also loyal to king John, supporting him against his many enemies. When king John died, William was named as the guardian of John's son Henry (III), saying that 'the land will never be held by anyone except with his help'. After the death of king John, William re-issued the Magna Carta in 1216 to re-affirm the power of the monarchy and he removed any reference that might impose restrictions on this. In 1217 the Magna Carta again was amended to clarify the feudal content. William assisted Henry III retain the throne when it was under threat from Louis VIII of France. When William married Isabel de Clare the heiress of the Earl of Pembroke he took the title as well as ownership of Pembroke Castle. William started major reconstruction work at the castle in stone. William Marshal died in 1219 leaving the country united under the monarchy. His eldest son, also called William, inherited the title of Earl of Pembroke. William Marshall is buried in the round church of the London Temple and his tomb can still be seen there. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Marshal, William (the younger) |
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| Mary (Daughter of Henry VII) |
| Born: 1495 Died: 1533 | Princess Mary was the daughter of Henry VII and the younger sister of Henry VIII. It was usual for the daughters of Kings to be married into other royal families to strengthen political ties. Mary was no exception and it was planned for her to marry Prince Charles, Duke of Burgundy (the future Holy Roman Emperor). The plans fell through and she was married to the 52 year-old French King Louis XII. Mary was unhappy about the forced marriage because she was in love with Charles Brandon, the Duke of Suffolk. Henry VIII may have promised Mary that she could marry Suffolk after the death of Louis XII. Louis died eleven months after the marriage. After the King's death, Mary ran away a secretly married the Duke. The two were caught and fined but Henry gave them consent to marry and the wed at Greenwich in the presence of King Henry VIII and Queen Catherine. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mary (I, Queen of England 1553-1558, Bloody Mary) |
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| Mary (of Champagne) |
| Born: 1145 Died: | Mary (Marie) was the first of two daughters of King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. | ||||||||||||
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| Mary (of Guise) |
| Born: Died: Jun 1560 | Mary of Guise of France married James V, king of Scotland. Mary gave birth to two sons, James and Arthur but they both died within a couple of years. Their third child was a girl who they called Mary and became Queen of Scots after James' death. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mary (Stuart, Queen of Scotland) |
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| Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) |
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| Melisende (of Jerusalem) |
| Born: circa 1105 Died: 11 Sep 1161 | Melisende was the daughter of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem. Baldwin had no sons to succeeed him as king so he decided to find a French nobleman to marry Melisende his eldest daughter and take the thone. It was decided that Fulk V, count of Anjou should marry Melisende and he gave up his title in Anjou to become the King of Jerusalem. Fulk married Melisende in Jerusalem in 1129 and Fulk became King of Jerusalem when Baldwin died in 1131. Fulk and Melisende had two sons, Baldwin and Amalric, both of whom would become Kings of Jerusalem in their own right. When Fulk died in 1143 Melisende took control of the Kingdom as her eldest son Baldwin was not old enough to rule unaided. | |||||||||||||||||
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| Michiel, Domenico (Doge of Venice) |
| Born: Died: 1130 | Domenico Michiel (or Michele) became Doge of Venice in 1118 after the death of Odelafo Falier who was killed as Zara during a battle. When John II Comnenus became the emporer of Byzantine he scrapped the treaty signed in 1082 that had given the Venetians favourable trading rights. In return Doge Michiel took a fleet fo ships and besiged the island of Corfu. | ||||||||||||
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| Montfort, Simon de |
| Born: Died: 4 Aug 1265 | King John had confiscated the lands in Leicestershire from Simon de Montfort's father in 1207. Simon was granted the lands back by Henry III in 1231 and in January of 1238, Simon married Henry's sister Eleanor. As Earl of Leicester and a brother-in-law to the King, Simon held and important and powerful position. When Henry's attempts to retake Piotou failed in 1242, It was Simon who had to rescue the King. Simon's power grew and the king granted him castles including Kenilworth. in 1258, Henry's finances came under criticism as he was spending more money than he had and at a time when harvests had failed. A group of barons including Simon began to speak out against their king and they confronted Henry at Westminster and forced him and his son Edward (later Edward I) to comply with their wishes. There were seven main leaders of the Barons, Richard de Clare (Earl of Gloucester), John Fitz Geoffrey, Roger Bigod (Earl of Norfolk), Hugh Bigod (Roger's brother), Peter of Savoy, Peter de Montfort (not a relation of Simon), and finally Simon de Montfort. At Oxford in June of 1258, it was agreed that a council of fifteen would advise Henry on his finances. Unfortunately, the council could not agree amongst themselves and it disbanded allowing Henry to regain control. At this point, Simon left for France where he was safer. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Montgomery, Roger de |
| Roger de Montgomery was a powerful Norman baron who came across from Normandy with William the Conqueror. Montgomery built the castle at Arundel. William gave Montgomery control of the Welsh areas around Shrewsbury and the title Earl of Shrewsbury. Montgomery built a castle in the town for its defence. | ||||
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| Morcar (Earl of Northumbria) |
| Morcar (Morkere) took part in the 1065 rebellion against the then Earl of Northumbria, Tostig and forced Tostig out. Morcar then became the Earl of Northumbria. At the battle of Gate Fulford in September of 1066 Morcar was beaten by the invading Harold Hardrada. After the Norman Invasion, Morcar accepted William as King, but later on joined Hereward the Wake's rebellion against the king on the Isle of Ely. Morcar was captured and imprisoned. He died in prison. | |||||||||||||
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| Mortimer, Anne (daughter of Roger, Earl of March) |
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| Mortimer, Edmund |
| Born: Died: Mar 1409 | Edmund was the youngest son of Edmund Mortimer, the 3rd Earl of March and Philippa Plantagenet. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mortimer, Edmund (5th Earl of March) |
| Born: 1391 Died: 1425 | Edmund was directly descended from Edward III via Lionel and when Richard II died became the true heir to the English throne but Henry IV took the throne for himself. During Henry's reign there were several revolts which planned to overthrow Henry and place Edmund on the throne. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mortimer, Roger (of Wigmore) |
| Born: Died: Oct 1330 | Roger Mortimer was a Marcher Lord who supported the Earl of Lancaster's fight against Edward II. After the battle of Boroughbridge and the defeat of Lancaster Mortimer was arrested and sent to the Tower of London. After the Parliament at York in May 1322 many of the Lancastrian rebels were executed as traitors but some, including Mortimer, were spared and remained in prison. In late 1323 Mortimer was able to escape from the Tower by supplying his guards with large amounts of liquor and then climbing down a rope. He fled to France where he joined Queen Isabella's cause against her husband, Edward II, and the Despensers. In 1326 Isabella and Mortimer, now her lover, sailed to England. Edward II had to flee from London where the inhabitants were against him but welcomed Isabella. Isabella and Mortimer chased Edward to Bristol. Edward II was forced to abdicate and his son Edward III became King of England. In 1330 Edward III became old enough to reign in his own right. He arrested Mortimer for the crimes against his father and Mortimer was executed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mowbray, Robert |
| Robert Mowbray was a Norman Baron who rose up in rebellion against William Rufus several times. He joined the rebellion in 1088 led by Odo, bishop of Bayeux, attacking Bath. In 1095 Mowbray attacked four merchant ships from Norway. William Rufus demanded to see Mowbray but instead Mowbray rose up in revolt supported by Roger de Lacy, Gilbert de Clare and William de Eu. Rufus captured the rebels and their main castles at Tynemouth and Bamborough. Mowbray was imprisoned and the other barons were heavily fined or had their lands confiscated. | |||||||
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| Murchadha, Diarmait mac (King of Leinster) |
| Or Dermot. Dermot was the King of Leinster, an area of eastern Ireland. He was in confict with Tighernan O Ruairc, another ruler in the region. In 1166 Dermot was defeated by Tighernan and exiled to England. Dermot needed help if he was to retake his homeland and so he approached Henry II. Herny did not want to get directly involved but allowed Dermot to raise an army from the Welsh and English people he could find to help him. The most important person Dermot found to help him was Richard de Clare 'Strongbow', the Earl of Pembroke. Strongbow agreed to help in return for Dermot's daughter's hand in marriage and to rule Leinster after Dermot's death. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Selection of references used:
1. Susan Ross,The Castles of Scotland,
2. M.T.Clanchy,England and its Rulers,
3. Various,The Cistercian Abbeys of Britain,1998
4. Derek Wilson,The Tower (1078 - 1978),
5. Alison Plowden,The House of Tudor,1976
6. J R Lander,The War of the Roses,
7. Jasper Ridley,The History of England,1981
8. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
9. M.T. Clancy,England and its Rulers 1066-1272,
10. John Kinross,Discovering Castles in England and Wales,
11. John Gillingham,The Life and Times of Richard I,1974
12. Maurice Ashley,The Life and Times of King John,
13. Goodrich Castle English Heritage Guide,
14. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
15. Antonia Fraser,Mary Queen of Scots,
16. John Prebble,The Lion in the North,
17. Richard Oram,The Kings and Queens of Scotland,
18. T. Wise,The Wars of the Crusades,
19. John Julius Norwich,A History of Venice,
20. Elizabeth Luckock and Caroline Gundy,Simon de Montfort,1969
21. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn,Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North),1872
22. Caroline Bingham,The Life and Times of Edward II,
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