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| Abelard, Peter |
| Born: 1079 Died: 1142 | Peter Abelard was a French philosopher and teacher who taught at the schools in Paris including the important Notre-Dame school. Abelard had several arguments with his former teacher William of Champeaux and left Notre-Dame to set up his own school. When Abelard returned to teach at Notre-Dame he began an affair with Héloise who was the niece of Fulbert, a canon at Notre-Dame. Héloise had a child and the affair was discovered. To appologise for the affair, Abelard left Notre-Dame to become a Monk and Héloise became a nun. It was from her convent that Héloise sent a series of love letters to Abelard. Abelard left his monastery to become a hermit. He died and was buried at Paraclete near Nogent-sur-Seine in 1142. Héloise was buired next to him when she died in 1163. | |||
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| Adela (of Champagne) |
| Adela, also known as Alix, was the third wife of King Louis VII, the King of France. The marriage took place only weeks after the death of Louis' second wife Constance of Castile. Louis needed a male heir to inherit the French throne and so far all his children had been girls. Their first child was a boy, Philip. Philip would become the next king of France and Adela acted as regent of France taking care of the country's affairs while Philip was away on Crusade. | |||||||||
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Adela (of Champagne)
| Adelard (of Bath) |
| Born: circa 1090 Died: circa 1160 | Born in the late eleventh century, he studied and taught in France before going to Spain to learn Arabic. This allowed him to translate the Elements of Euclid. He travelled to Africa and Greece (learning the language) and Asia Minor. Back in England in 1130, he wrote several books on scientific information. | |||
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| Adeliza (of Louvain) |
| Second wife of Henry I. | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Adrian (IV, Pope) |
| Born: Died: 1159 | Adrian IV was the Pope from 1154 to 1159. He was the only English Pope and his real name was Nicholas Breakspear. Adrian was born in England but went to Arles in France to perform his religious studies. Adrian became an Augustinian monk at a monastery at St. Rufus near Avignon in the southern France. He remained there for some time and became its abbot. His skills were recognised and was elevated to the position of bishop at Albano, a small distance from Rome. Adrian became a papal legate, a deputy who represented the Pope and sent on missions as an ambassador or messanger. It was on a mission to Scandinavia that Adrian's talents as a negotiator and organiser were also recognised. In 1154 Adrian was elected to the position of Pope. A Papal Bull issued by Adrian allowed Henry II to attack and rule Ireland. After his death in 1159 an arguement caused a schism, or split with the church, as to who should become the next Pope. | ||||||||||||
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| Aelred (of Rievaulx) |
| Born: 1109 Died: 1166 | Aelred was an English historian and was born in Hexham in Northumbria. He was a steward to Kind David of Scotland before becoming a monk at Rievaulx Abbey. At Rievaulx he devoted himself to writing historical works. He became the Abbot at Rievaulx Abbey. | |||
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| Aethelstan (son of Athelred) |
| First son of Athelred (the Unready) | |||||||||||||
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| Alexander (I, King of Scotland 1107-1124) |
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| Alexander (II, King of Scotland 1198-1249) |
| Born: 1198 Died: 1249 | Ruler of Scotland from 1214 to 1249. Alexander was successful in regaining control of the more outer reaches of his kingdom and attempted to regain land that had been taken by the English. This attempt was abandoned in 1237 with the Treaty of York. Alexander died attempting to regain the Western Isles from control by the Norwegians. He was followed by his son, Alexander III. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alexander (III, King of Scotland 1249-1286) |
| Born: Died: 1286 | Alexander was the ruler of Scotland from 1249 to 1286 and succeeded his father, Alexander II, at the age of seven or eight. Alexander married Margaret one of Henry III's daughters. Although Alexander and Margaret had children they all died before Alexander and Alexander's second wife had no children at all. Alexander had a granddaughter called Margaret who did succeed him. Margaret was known as the Maid of Norway. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alexander (III, Pope) |
| Born: Died: 1181 | Alexander III was elected as the Pope in 1159 after the death of Pope Adrian IV. His election was only supported by the English and French. In Germany another Pope or antipope was elected called Victor IV also known as Octavian. The dispute between the two Popes lead to the exile of Alexander to Sens in France. Alexander supported Archbishop Thomas Becket in his conflicts with King Henry II of England and after Becket's death canonized him in 1173. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alexander (IV, Pope) |
| Born: Died: 1261 | Pope from 1254 until his death in 1261. Alexander IV agreed to absolve Henry III from the Provisions of Oxford and allow the English king to regain the power that the Barons had taken from him. | ||||||||||||
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| Alfonso (King of Castile) |
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| Alfred (Second son of Athelred) |
| Born: Died: 1036 | Alfred was the second son of Athelred and Emma. Alfred was murdered in 1036(7) when he came to England to help his mother's campaign against Harold Harefoot and Earl Godwine. | |||||||||||||||
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| ALFRED (The Great, King of Wessex 871-899) |
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| Alice (Daugher of Louis VII) |
| Alice was the daughter of King Louis VII of France and Constance of Castile his second wife. A marriage agreement was arranged between Alice and the son of Henry II, Richard who would become Richard I, the Lionheart. Alice was only a child and until she was old enough to be married lived under the protection of the English King. The marriage never took place and Rchard married Berengaria. Alice's brother Philip II of France fined Richard for not marrying his sister. | |||||||||||||
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| Alice (Daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine) |
| Born: 1150 Died: | Alice (Alix) was the second daughter of King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. | ||||||||||||
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| Amalric (I, King of Jerusalem, 1162 - 1174) |
| Born: 1136 Died: 11 Jul 1174 | Son of Fulk V, count of Anjou and King of Jerusalem. Amalric became King of Jerualem after the death of his elder brother Baldwin. | ||||||||||||
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| Anne (of Cleves) |
| Anne was the fourth wife of Henry VIII. It had been two years since the death of Jane Seymour when the marriage to Anne was suggested by Thomas Cromwell. A marriage to the sisters of the Dukes of Cleve would create a strong European political alliance. In order for Henry to see what Anne and her sister Amelia looked like the artist Hans Holbein was sent to paint their portraits. The painting of Anne was flattering and Henry agreed to the marriage. When Henry saw Anne, who arrived in England on the 1st of January 1540, he was disappointed that the she did not not look like her portrait. At first he wanted to cancel the wedding but the organisation had gone too far and so the marriage took place on the 6th of January. The marriage was a marriage in name only and Henry sought the means to have a divorce. He even unkindly called Anne 'The Flander's Mare'. Anne understood the situation and accepted the divorce along with a good income and the use of several homes including Hever Castle. Anne died on the 16th or 17th of July 1557. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury 1093-1109) |
| Born: 1033 Died: 1109 | Anselm was born in the alpine village of Aosta in the Italian Alps and was the son of a wealthy nobleman. Anselm became a pupil at the Abbey of Bec in Normandy and studied under Lanfranc. In 1078 Anselm replaced Herluin as the Abbot of Bec when Herluin died. In 1093 Anselm was invited to become Archbishop of Canterbury by William Rufus when the Lanfranc, the current Archbishop died. Differences arose between Anselm and William resulting in Anselm leaving England and going to Rome. Anselm was invited back to England when Henry I became King of England in 1100, but the conflicts arose between the King and Archbishop over the right of the king to elect bishops. Anselm again left England because of the disputes but returned a couple of years before his death to retake his position as Archbishop of Canterbury. | ||||||||||||
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| Arthur (of Brittany) |
| Born: 1187 Died: 1204 | Arthur was the son of Geoffrey, the fourth son of Henry II, and Constance of Brittany. When Richard I went on Crusade he nominated Arthur as heir to the English throne even though Arthur was only four. Richard did this in an attempt to prevent John claiming the English throne if anything happened to him while crusading. In 1196 Arthur was given the title of Duke of Brittany in 1196 and Richard invaded his territories. Richard's invasion failed. When Richard died in 1199 Arthur's claim to the English throne was ignored and John, Henry II youngest son, became king instead. In 1202 Arthur was captured by the English while the duke was besieging his grandmother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, at Mirebeau castle. Arthur was taken first to Falaise and then possibly to Rouen and killed. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Arthur (Son of Henry VII) |
| Born: 1486 Died: 1502 | Married Catherine of Aragon before she married Henry VIII. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Arundel, Thomas |
| Born: 1353 Died: 1414 | Thomas Arundel was the Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. In Richard II's reign Arundel served twice as Chancellor and was also the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1396. His appointment was short lived as a year later he was exiled as part of the conflict with the Lords Appellant. Arundel returned to England with Henry IV's rise to power and was once again made Chancellor from 1407. He was temporarily deposed in 1410 but regained the post in 1412. | ||||||
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| Aske, Robert |
| Robert Aske was the leader of a rebellion against Henry VIII. Aske's rebellion is known as the Pilgrimage of Grace and it began in October 1536. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Athelbald (King of Wessex 858-860) |
| Born: Died: 860 | King of Wessex from 858 until he died in 860. First (or second if Athelstan was a son) of Athelwolf. | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Athelbert (King of Wessex 860-865) |
| Born: Died: 866 | The third (or second) son of Athelwulf King of Wessex. Athelbert became king after his elder brother Athelbald died in 860. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Athelflaed (Lady of the Mercians) |
| Born: Died: 918 | Daughter of Alfred the Great and sister of Edward the Elder. Athelflaed married a Mercian and raised Athelstan the future King of the English. | ||||||||||||
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| ATHELRED (II The Unready, King of the English 978-1013, 1014-1016) |
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| Athelred (King of Wessex 866-871) |
| Born: Died: 871 | The fourth (or third) son of Athelwulf King of Wessex 839-858. Athelred became king of Wessex in 865/866 when his elder brother Athelbert died. Athelred had to contend with the largest invasion of Danes so far. In 865 Danes landed in East Anglia with a huge force of men. This army of Danes is known as the 'Great Army' and was under the command of King Ivar the 'Boneless' and King Halfdan. East Anglia was under the control of Mercia and no moves were made to force the army out. With his younger brother, Alfred (the Great), Athelred had to contend with the Danes throughout his reign. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ATHELSTAN (King of the English 924-939) |
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| Athelstan (son of Athelwulf) |
| The first son of Athelwulf King of Wessex. Athelstan could have been Athelwulf's brother. | |||||||||||||
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| Athelswith (Daughter of Athelwulf) |
| Daughter of Athelwulf king of Wessex and sister of Alfred the Great. Athelswith married Burgred the kind of Mercia. | |||||||||||||
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| Athelwold |
| Born: Died: 905 | Athelwolrd (or Ethelwold) was the son of Athelred, king of Wessex. and the nephew of Alfred the Great. When Alfred died in 899 the control of Wessex was disputed between Athelwold and Edward the Elder, the son of Alfred. Edward was supported in the south of the country while Athelwold found support with the Danes in Northumbria who accepted him as their over-lord. | |||||||||||||||
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| Athelwulf (King of Wessex 839-858) |
| Born: Died: 858 | King of Wessex, son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. Athelwulf had the responsibility of protecting his kingdom from the invasion by the Danes. In 851 Athelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley (believed to be somewhere south of the Thames), while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea of the coast of Kent in what is beleived to be the first naval battle. In 855 Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope. Whilst travelling back he spent time with Charles the Bald, King of the Franks and there he married the King's daughter Judith. Back in Wessex Athelwulf's second son Athelbald learned of his father's marriage and disaproved. In 858 Athelbald made himself King of Wessex. When Athelwulf returned he decided not to cause conflict and civil war so he let Athelbald rule in the west of the realm while Athelwulf ruled in the east. When Athelwulf died in 858 his wife Judith married her stepson Athelbald. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Selection of references used:
1. E.B.D'Auvergne,The English Castles,1926
2. John Timbs & Alexander Gunn,Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England & Wales (North),1872
3. Maurice Ashley,The Life and Times of King John,
4. Timbs & Gunn,Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales,
5. Susan Ross,The Castles of Scotland,
6. J.D. Mackie,A History of Scotland,1978
7. Peter Potter,Data Donation,
8. H.W.C.Davis,England under the Normans and Angevins,1949
9. John Gillingham,The Life and Times of Richard I,1974
10. Richard Barber,The Devil's Crown,
11. Ronald McNair Scott,Alfred the Great,
12. J. Raine,Historic Towns: York,
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